The Potential Health Risks of Erythritol: Impact on Brain and Blood Vessel Health
Erythritol, a widely used sugar alcohol found in many sugar-free products such as keto-friendly snacks, energy drinks, and sugar-free gum, has long been promoted as a healthier alternative to sugar. It is marketed as a weight loss-friendly sweetener and is commonly used by individuals trying to manage their blood sugar levels. While it has been approved as a food additive in the United States since 2001, recent studies have raised concerns about its potential impact on human health, particularly with regard to vascular health and cognitive function.
Erythritol and Its Effects on the Brain and Blood Vessels
A recent study presented at the 2025 American Physiology Summit (APS2025) in Baltimore, Maryland, offers new insights into how erythritol may negatively affect brain and blood vessel health. The cellular study, conducted by researchers at the Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory at the University of Colorado Boulder, found that even a single serving of an erythritol-sweetened beverage could lead to significant health risks.
The study exposed human brain blood vessel cells to an erythritol solution containing roughly the same amount found in a single can of an artificially sweetened beverage—around 30 grams. After a three-hour exposure, the researchers observed a noticeable increase in oxidative stress in the treated cells. Specifically, the cells produced nearly 100% more reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are free radicals that can damage cellular structures. These findings suggest that erythritol may trigger an imbalance in the body’s oxidative stress response, potentially leading to neurovascular damage.
In addition to increased oxidative stress, the study also found a reduction in nitric oxide production in the erythritol-treated cells. Nitric oxide is a crucial molecule that helps blood vessels relax and widen, allowing for proper blood flow. When its production is impaired, it can lead to poor circulation and increase the risk of vascular events like stroke or heart attack.
Why Erythritol May Be Harmful
According to experts, erythritol may interfere with the production of nitric oxide in blood vessel cells. Dr. Thomas M. Holland, a physician-scientist at the RUSH Institute for Healthy Aging, explained that erythritol disrupts a key activation step in cells, making them less effective at producing nitric oxide. This reduction in nitric oxide may not only impair blood vessel function but also increase oxidative stress, which is a common precursor to vascular diseases such as thrombosis and stroke.
Dr. Holland also highlighted that reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated by erythritol exposure, can cause cellular damage. This is particularly concerning when these ROS affect neural tissue, potentially leading to cognitive decline over time. In addition to harming the brain, ROS can damage various organ systems, leading to a wide range of health issues.
While these findings are based on lab studies and may not fully replicate human physiology, they align with previous clinical research that links erythritol to an increased risk of cardiovascular events. The findings challenge the perception of erythritol as a harmless sugar substitute, especially for individuals concerned about their vascular and cognitive health.
Expert Recommendations: Moderation is Key
Both Dr. Holland and Auburn Berry, the study’s lead author, agree that individuals should be cautious about their erythritol intake, particularly those with risk factors for vascular diseases. Berry stressed that erythritol consumption could impair blood vessel health and function, urging people to limit their intake based on the study’s findings.
Experts suggest opting for more natural, safer sweeteners like honey, date syrup, or fruit-based sweeteners, which provide antioxidants and fewer potential risks when consumed in moderation. However, these natural alternatives still impact blood sugar levels, so it is important to use them sparingly.
Conclusion
While erythritol has gained popularity as a sugar substitute for its non-caloric benefits, emerging research suggests that excessive consumption may have serious consequences for brain and vascular health. The recent study highlights the potential dangers of consuming erythritol in large amounts, particularly for individuals at risk of stroke or heart disease. As with all food additives, moderation is crucial. Consumers should be mindful of the potential risks of erythritol and consider safer, more natural alternatives to protect their long-term health.
